BIMWE MU MATEKA YARANZE U RWANDA RWO HAMBERE

Mu mwaka wa 1943, Padiri Alegisi Kagame yanditse mu gitabo cye cyitwa Inganji Kalinga ko kenshi usanga abantu bamwe mu Rwanda bakeka ko Abanyiginya ari bo Batutsi badutse mu Rwanda bwa mbere na mbere. Alegisi Kagame mu nyandiko ze yagerageje nyine kwemeza rubanda ibinyuranye n'ibyo abantu bari bakunze guhamya : mu ntangiriro y' iki kinyejana cya makumyabiri, imvugo yari yiganje mu gihugu yerekeye amoko y'abami bategekaga “ibihugu” mbere y'umwaduko w'Abanyiginya n'Abega , ni uko abo bami bari Abahutu. Alegisi Kagame we yakomeje gutsindagira ko bari Abatutsi bagufi (boroheje), ko batari Abahutu na buhoro. Nyamara ubushakashatsi aho bugeze ubu buragaragaza neza ko ingoma zabanjirije ingoma y'u Rwanda rw'Abanyiginya zategekwaga n'Abahutu. Yewe no mu ntangiriro y'iki kinyejana abamisiyoneri gatolika nka Padiri Brard (Terebura) zimwe muri izo ngoma bazishyira mu zategekwaga n'Abahutu. Ndetse nka Ludoviko de Lacger, umupadiri w'umuhanga mu by'amateka kandi wakoze ubushakashatsi ku mateka y'u Rwanda mbere ya 1940, yanditse akurikije ibyo yabwiwe icyo gihe, ahamya ko nk'Ababanda bategekaga Nduga bari Abahutu. Turebe izo ngoma duhereye ku bwoko bw'abazitegekag 1. Abenengwe Ingoma yabo yitwaga Nyamibande. Bategekaga u Bungwe. Ni igihugu cyabumbaga u Busanza bw'amajyepfo, u Bufundu, Nyaruguru, Bashumba, Nyakare, u Buyenzi. Ikiranga bwoko cyabo cyari ingwe. Umwami wari uriho ku mwaduko w'Abanyiginya yari Rwamba akaba yari atuye mu bya Nyakizu muri Butare. Hari abamukomokaho bitwa Abenerwamba. Undi mwami w'umwenengwe wategekaga igihugu cye kijya gutsindwa n'u Rwanda ni Samukende, umugabo wa Nyagakecuru ko mu Bisi bya Huye. Umuhungu w'uwo Samukende, ari we Rubuga, yaratsinzwe maze igihugu cye kigarurwa n'u Rwanda. 2. Abasinga Ingoma yabo yitwaga Mpatsibihugu. Bakunze kuvuga ko akarere bari barimo kari kagari cyane. Twibuke ko Abasinga bari ugutatu: ab'ibanze ari bo Basinga b'abasangwabuta hakaba n'abandi baje nyuma y'Abanyiginya, ari bo Abanukamishyo n'Abagahe. Abo Basinga b'abasangwabuta banabitaga “ Ababyarabami”, kuko abami ba mbere barindwi b'u Rwanda bikurikiranyije bavuka ku Basingakazi. Umwe mu bami babo w'igihangange ngo yitwaga Rurenge. Ibyo byatumye bamwe banabita Abarenge; ni ukuvuga ariko inzu ivamo abami babo nk'uko tuvuga Abahindiro (Abanyiginya). Igihe cy'umwaduko w'Abanyiginya, umwami w'umusinga yari Jeni rya Rurenge. Mu by'ukuri bamuvugaho byinshi bisa n'imigani. Icyakora ngo yari atuye ku Rwerere rw'i Bugoyi. Mbese yari akubye ubutaka bungana na Perefegitura ya Gisenyi, iya Kibuye, Bunyambiriri muri Gikongoro. Abasinga b'icyo gihe bari basakaye no mu zindi ntara zo muri Cyangugu y'ubu : Biru, Cyesha, Mpara, Busozo, Bukunzi. Mu karere k'amajyaruguru ya Kivu, hari intara zari ziganjemo Abasinga : Bwishya, Jomba, Gisigari, Bwito, Gishari, Byahi na Kamuronsi. Abasinga babarizwaga no mu Burwi (Mvejuru na Buhanga-Ndara muri Butare y'ubu). Nta gitangaje rero kuba abitwa Abasinga kuri iki gihe ari bo benshi mu moko y'u Rwanda mu ijanisha. 3. Abazigaba Ingoma yabo yari Sera. Umwami wabo ku mwaduko w'Abanyiginya yari Kabeja, akaba umwami wo mu Rweya (abandi bati : wo mu Mubari). Bavuga ko Abazigaba baje baturuka mu by'ikiyaga cya Victoria (Vigitoriya). Twibuke ko no mu burengerazuba bwa Tanzaniya hari Abazigaba batari bake, cyane mu bya Karagwe. 4. Abagesera Ingoma yabo yari Rukurura . Igihugu bategekaga ni Gisaka (Gihunya, Mirenge na Migongo). Izina ryabo rifitanye isano n'iry'ikiyaga cya Mugesera. Hari n'abavuga ko u Bugesera bwigeze gutegekwa n'Abagesera. Icyitonderwa Mu Basinga, mu Bazigaba no mu Bagesera hari Abatutsi. Ariko rero n'ubwo bashyikiranye kera cyane n'Abanyiginya n'Abega, abitwa Imfura bo muri aya moko abiri ya nyuma ntibabura guhamya ko abo Batutsi b'abasinga, b'abazigaba n'abagesera mu by'ukuri ari Abahutu. Bene ingoma nyiginya bagize abo Bahutu “abase” babo, ndetse bakwirakwiza ko ayo moko uko ari atatu (Abazigaba, Abagesera n'Abasinga) ari yo avamo “abase” b'andi moko yose. Nyamara si ko bimeze mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda, nko muri Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri Abungura bashobora kuba “ abase” b'Ababacyaba, Ababanda bakaba “ abase” b'Abasinga. “abase” bari abantu b'abanyacyubahir bakora imihango yo gutanga ikibanza, kuzirura, kweza iyo usanzwe ubigenewe yabuze. 5. Abacyaba Ingoma yabo yari Rugara. Igihugu bategekaga cyitwaga Bugara kikabumba amahugu akikije ibiyaga bya Burera na Ruhondo, kigashora kuri Mukungwa na Base. Hari n'akarere kagiye mu ruhande rwa Uganda. Umwami wamamaye wabo ni Nzira ya Muramira umwami w'u Bugara wahiritswe ku mayeri na Ruganzu Ndori wigize “ Cyambarantama Izina “ Cyambarantama turisanga no mu migani y'u Burundi bita “ ibitito” : uwo Cyambarantama w'i Burundi akora ibintu by'amayeri nk'ibyo bavuga kuri Ruganzu Ndori. Ntibyoroshye rero kumenya ukuri kw'itsindwa ry'icyo gihugu cy'u Bugara. Abacyaba babarirwa kandi mu moko ya kera cyane mu Bugesera, nk'Abasinga, Abazigaba n'abandi. 6. Abungura Ingoma yabo y'ingabe yitwaga Kamuhagama. Nta wuzi igihugu batwaraga uko cyitwaga n'aho cyagarukiraga. Ariko ikidashidikanywa ni uko icyo gihugu cyari kigizwe n'utu turere : Bumbogo, Buriza, Busigi, Bwanacyambwe. Birashoboka ko Abungura bategekaga n'igice cy'u Buganza ndetse n'u Rukaryi rutarigarurirwa n'Abahondogo bo mu Bugesera. 7. Ababanda Ingoma yabo y'ingabe yitwaga Nyabahinda. Igihugu cy'Ababanda cyitwaga Nduga. Bakundaga kuvuga ngo “ Nduga ngari ya Gisari na Kibanda ”. Gisari ni muri Komini Ntongwe naho Kibanda iri muri Komini Nyamabuye. ”Ndu ngari” yari ibumbye uturere twose twa Perefegitura ya Gitarama, ukongeraho Komini Nyabisindu (Busanza-Nord), Shyanda, Ntyazo na Muyira zo muri Butare. Ababanda bigeze no kwambuka Nyabarongo, bagura igihugu batera u Rwanda ku bwa Mibambwe I Mutabazi, bayobowe na Ngoga mwene Mashira umwami w'i Nduga. Buhiraga inka zabo mu Muhima wa Kigali ngo “Abahima ntibahakandire !” Umwami uheruka wabaye ikirangirire ni Mashira wa Nkuba ya Sabugabo, nta bwo Mashira yari mwene Sabugabo nk'uko bamwe na bamwe babivuga ubu. Mashira bamushyize no mu mandwa baramubandwa, cyane cyane abo mu Nduga nyine ukuyemo “imfura”. Yari afite ingo enye zikomeye aha hakurikira : Kibanda muri Komini Nyamabuye, Cyubi muri Komini Rutobwe, Kigina cya Ndiza bugufi y'isoko y'umugezi wa Nyakabanda uri hafi y'ibiro bya Komini Nyakabanda, na Nyanza muri Komini Nyabisindu. Mu Burundi hari umuryango w'Ababanda ubarirwa mu Batutsi b'indobanure, nyamara kandi hari abitwa “ Abashira” ngo bakomoka kuri Mashira, ariko bo bakaba Abahutu. Ikizwi ni uko mu Rwanda hambere aha bakunze kuvuga ko nta Mubanda w'umututsi ubaho : ibyo bivugwa ahanini biturutse kuri bamwe mu Babanda bitwa Abatutsi, cyane muri Nyaruguru ho muri Gikongoro. Dore muri make uko Ababanda bari batuye mu Rwanda mu mwaka wa 1960 : ahanini ni igipande gihurutuye kuva mu Rwankeri (Ruhengeri) kikamanuka gisesa mu Marangara (Gitarama) unyuze mu Buhoma, mu Bushiru bw'iburasirazuba, mu Bukonya, mu Cyingogo, Ndiza. Muri icyo gipande hari ikigereranyo cya 31,17% y'Ababanda ku bahatuye bose. Twongereho ko Amarangara yo muri Gitarama yategekwaga n'umwami w'umubanda witwaga Nkoma ya Nkondogoro, bakongeraho ngo “ ikirozi cyo mu Marangara kitarogera ubusa nk'aba none ”. Mu by'ukuri Amarangara yari afite ubwigenge bucagase, ariko abami baho bakagengwa n'umwami w' i Nduga mwene wabo. Bavugaga hambere aha ko Ababanda badutse mu Rwanda babungererana inka zabo. Ibyo ntibivuga ko kubera iyo mpamvu, bari Abatutsi; Ababanda benshi bakunze kugira inka z'imbata nyinshi. Agasigisigi k'ubwo bukire bw'inka nyinshi ni iz'umugabo w'i”Gakoma k'Ababanda muri Komini Muyira witwaga Senteteri wari utunze inka nyinshi mu bya 1940 ku buryo bazitaga “ Urukubazuba” (ngo aho izuba rigera hose urazihasanga!). Senteteri uwo kandi yari Umuhutu birazwi. 8. Abahondogo bo mu Bugesera Mu bihugu byabanjirije u Rwanda rw'Abanyiginya, A. Kagame nta mwanya yazigamiye u Bugesera bw' Abahondogo. Ibyo birumvikana kuko kuri we uwahanze ingoma y'u Bugesera ari we Kanyabugesera, ari mwene Gihanga; bityo rero akaba umuvandimwe wa Kanyarwanda, akabarirwa muri bene wabo b'Abanyiginya. Izina ry'ubututsi rya Kanyabugesera ni Mugondo. Ingoma y'ingabe y'Abahondogo yitwaga Rukombamazi, naho imfizi y'ubwami ikitwa Rushya. Byombi byatwawe n'Abanyarwanda mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya XVIII, ku ngoma ya Mibambwe III Sentabyo. Abahondogo bari mu Rwanda ubu ni mbarwa. Ni Abatutsi gusa. Abahondogo bo mu Bugesera hafi ya bose biyita Abashambo. Alexis Kagame avuga ko Abahondogo ari ubwoko, kuko bafite ikirangabwoko: Ishwima. Mariseli d'Hertefelt (Deritefeliti) we yemeza ko kubera ubuke bwabo, Abahondogo atari ubwoko; ahubwo ari inzu yari ku butegetsi kimwe n'Abahindiro b'i Rwanda. Yohani Vansina we avuga ko byaba byiza gushakira igisubizo nyacyo mu Burundi, kuko ari ho hari Abahondogo benshi cyane. Tumenye kandi ko Abahondogo babarirwa mu miryango ine abami b'i Burundi bashakagamo abageni. Imiryango itatu yindi ni Abanyakarama Mfyufyu, Abenengwe n'Abanyagisaka. Iyo miryango uko ari ine ibarirwa mu y'Abatutsi b'izina (ni ukuvuga bo mu rwego rwo hejuru), ari bo “Abanyaruguru”. 9. Umwanzuro ku ngoma z'Abahutu. Padiri Léon Delmas (Delimasi) wabaye i Nyanza ibwami akora ubushakashatsi mu bya 1940, ahamya mu gitabo cye “ Généalogie” (Jeneyaloji) ko abagabo bajijukiye ibya kera yabajije bemeza nta shiti ko ku mwaduko w'Abanyiginya n'Abega (bombi bitwaga Ibimanuka), nta Batutsi bandi bari batuye mu Rwanda; igihugu cyose cyari gituwe n'Abahutu gusa, uretse ko ashobora kuba yaribagiwe Abatwa nk'uko bikunze kumera. Ikindi ni uko Abami b'abahutu bari bafite ibirangabwami: Imbuto : iz'ingenzi z'umuhango kandi z'ingirakamaro icyo gihe zari enye alizo uburo, amasaka, isogi n'inzuzi z'imyungu; izo ni zo “mbuto nkuru” z'i Rwanda. Urusengo : ifirimbi y'ibumba. Ingoma y'Ingabe : (amazina amwe yazo twayabonye) Inyundo : yari ifite umwanya ukomeye kubera ubucuzi. Kandi rero kuva kera kugeza ubu, umwuga w'ubucuzi ni uw'Abahutu. Gihanga babyitirira bamwita Umututsi ntiyaba yarananiwe kwigisha iyo tekiniki Abatutsi, ngo maze arenge ayihishurire Abahutu bonyine! Inyundo yitwaga Nyarushara. Ingwe : hamwe na hamwe nko mu Nduga, iyo nyamaswa yari ngombwa. No ku ngoma nyiginya, abami biswe “ abambarangwe”. Ingwe yarangaga ububasha bukomeye; kandi ikaba ikimenyetso ko abaturage barinzwe n'ingwe (= umwami) nta cyo bagomba kwikanga. Ibyo birangabwami byatumaga umwami (bitaga n'umuhinza) yamamara agatinywa ndetse akubahwa. Ni we watangaga uburumbuke bw'imyaka. Ikindi ni uko yategekanaga n'umugabekazi, akunganirwa n'Abiru bari bashinzwe kumenya ingoma no kuboneza imihango mu ibanga. Bityo ubwami bwari bubumbye inzego ebyiri: urwa politiki n' urw'imihango cyangwa iyobokamana. Bene ubwo butegetsi abahanga babwise “royauté sacrée” mu rurimi rw'igifaransa. Ingoma nyiginya yatangiye yigana byinshi mu byari ibirangabwami by'Abahutu, yiyongereraho ibyayo buhoro buhoro […] Aho byakomotse: R.D.R., UMURAGE W ’AMATEKA

IGISURA NK'ICYATSI GIFITE AKAMARO

Benshi muri twe twibukikira igisura k ’uburyo kiryana cyane cyangwa se tukibuka uburyo ababyeyi bagiye bakidukubita igihe bwabaga twakubaganye n ’ibindi, ariko burya icyo kimera ni umuti n ’ikiribwa gitangaje cyane. Ku bagabo bagira ikibazo cyo gucika intege kare mu gikorwa cy ’imibonano mpuzabitsina, igisura ni umuti mwiza wo kwiyongeramo akabasha. Kigabanya rubagimpande. Igisura gikize mu: - Butare bwa fer butuma amaraso agira ibara ry ’umutuku, bityo kirinda kubura maraso mu mubiri - Phosphore isohora imyanda, ikagaburira ingingo n ’ubwonko - Magnesium igira akamaro mu maraso no mu magufa - Calcium na Silicium bitera amagufa gukomera, umutima ugatera neza n ’ubwonko butatera neza. Indwara zikizwa n ’igisura: 1. Gitera kwihagarika neza no gusohoka kw ’imyanda mu ngingo. Nicyo gituma gikiza rubagimpande, kuribwa mu ngingo, imisenyi yo mu mpyiko 2. Igisura gitera amaraso kwiyongera kuko cyongera fer mu maraso kuko kifitemo fer na chlorophyle nyinshi. Nicyo gituma cyongera imbaraga z ’abarinzi b’umubiri. Bityo ku muntu wese ukirutse indwara akaba afite ikibazo cyo kubura amaraso igisura nicyo muti. Kandi no ku bantu bafite ibibazo byo kurya indyo ikennye muri fer igisura cyabafasha. 3. Igisura cyubaka kandi kigashyushya idutsi duto, kigahagarika imyuna. Ukoresha agatambaro gafite isuko maze ukagashyira mu mazi y ’igisura warangiza ukagashyira mu izuru riva imyuna. Gishobora kandi no gukamya amaraso aturuka muri nyababyeyi ndetse n’abakobwa n’ababyeyi bagira imihango iva cyane bakifashisha. 4. Iyo giterewe mu mazi ashyushye maze ukanya udukombe 3 buri munsi bivura korera, kuribwa mu nda, macinyamyambi, n ’impiswi 5. Kigabanya isukari mu mubiri, bityo nacyo kibarirwa mu miti ifasha guhangana na diabete 6. Igisura cyongera amashereka, bityo gikenerwa cyane n ’ababyeyi bonsa

UGUSEKA BITURUKA HE?

Ubushobozi bwo guseka ni umwihariko wa mwene muntu. Imimerere y’umuntu useka yafatwa nk ’iy’umuntu wiyumvamo ikibazo cyangwa se wumva afite amavunane mu bijyane n ’imikorere y’umubiri. Ariko nanone guseka ntaho bihuriye n ’ibyo bindi kuko byo bifitiye umubiri akamaro kuko biwukamuramo ibyawuvunaga byose bigasiga uwasekaga yumva afite akanyamuneza. Uguseka bishobora guterwa no kubona ikintu gishimishije utari witeguye cyangwa se ugukirigitwa. Uguseka gutangirana n ’ugusohora umwuka mu bihaha mu gihe cy ’amasegonda 5 bikurikirwa no kuwinjiza nanone mu gihe cy ’amasegonda 3, maze muri icyo gihe umwuka ukagenda ukuzura mu bihaha ku rugero rwo hejuru. Uko kuzurana kw’ibihaha bituma umuntu yumva ameze nk ’uheze umwuka bityo bikongera ugutera k ’umutima(umutima ugatera kuva ku nshuro 60 kugera kuri 120 ku munota), bimeze nko mu gihe umuntu aba afite ubwoba bwinshi cyane. Nyuma imitsi irarambuka ndetse n’umuvuduko w’amaraso mu mitsi ukagabanuka. Nyuma yo guseka, umuntu yumva asa n ’uruhutse kandi akanyamuneza kakamwuzura umubiri wose, ibyo bigashobora kumara iminota igera kuri 45 nyuma yo guseka. Ikindi ni uko nyuma y’uko kwiyongera k’ugutera k’umutima(umuntu agahumeka vuba vuba, imitsi ikikwega, mukanwa hakumirana, ndetse agashobora no kubira ibyuya) imitsi yose y ’umubiri irarambuka bityo amavunane umuntu yari afite agashira. Noneho umwijima uvubura indurwe (bile) nyinshi nazo ziba zigenewe kugabanya ingano ya Cholesterol n ’ibinyamavuta mu maraso kugera ku rugero rwa 10%. Ikindi ni uko guseka byongera amatembabuzi y ’igifu (secretion digestifs) ndetse n ’amacandwe bityo bigatuma igogorwa ry ’ibiryo rikorwa neza. Byongera mu mubiri umusemburo witwa endorphine uba ushinzwe kugabanya ububabare kandi bikanongera ingano y’imisemburo ya adrenaline na noradrenaline bituma umutima utera neza. Bityo umuntu ashobora gutekereza ko uguseka bya biterwa n ’ikorwa ry’umusemburo wa endorphines y ’imisemburo ya adrenaline, dopamine na noradrenaline iba ije kurwanya impinduka mu mubiri ziba zigiye kuba. Ariko na none umuntu ntiyabura kuvuga ko guseka bishobora guterwa na bimwe mu bibazo byo mu mutwe. Bityo rero, n ’ubwo uguseka ari umwihariko wa muntu, umuntu ashobora no guseka abitewe n ’uburwayi ugasanga uguseka kwe ntacyo kuba kuvuze bigaragara. MURAKOZE

Ibimenyetso 10 by'uko aguca inyuma

Ese waba ukeka ko umugabo/ umugore wawe cyangwa umukunzi wawe aguca inyuma? Dore ibimenyetso 10 ushobora kwifashisha maze bikagufasha kumenya neza koko niba aguca inyuma. 1. Aguha impano zidafite igisobanuro Icya mbere nshaka kuvuga ni uko iyi ngingo igomba kumvikana neza. Kuba umukunzi wawe yagira igitekerezo cyo kuguha impano nyinshi ntibivuze ko aguca inyuma. Icyo aha nshaka kuvuga ni nko kubona umukunzi aguha impano kandi ubona nta mpamvu igaragara aziguhera! 2. Ahindura ibirango bye by ’ibanga nka email, mot de passe n’ibindi Wari umenyereye gukoresha mudasobwa imwe n ’umugabo wawe, ugasoma ubutumwa bwe kuri email none ugize utya usanze yabihinduye kandi ntiyigeze abikumenyesha! Ibyo ni ikimenyetso ko hari icyo ashaka kuguhisha cyaba gifitanye isano n ’amabanga y’urugo rwanyu. 3. Amara igihe kinini kuri Telephone Mu gihe mbere mwashoboraga no gusoma ubutumwa kuri telephone ye ndetse mukaba mwayisubiza mu kimbo cye, ubu ntakiyishyira hasi. Ndetse n ’iyo mugiye kuryama ayiraza k’umusego. Kabone n’iyo agiye mu bwiherero aba ari kumwe nayo! Icyo nacyo ni ikimenyetso ko hari icyo ashaka guhisha. 4. Atangira kugira akazi kenshi Akazi kagira gatya kakamubana kenshi mu buryo butunguranye, agahora mu manama, mu mahugurwa no mugendo hirya no hino. Nyamara n’ubwo ibyo byose abikora ntiyurizwa mu ntera cyangwa ngo yongerwe umushahara. 5. Ntakibona umwanya wo gutera akabariro Hashira ibyumweru ndetse n ’amezi atakwegereye. Ndetse ntakita no kumyambarire yanyu. Ntazi ibara ry ’imyenda y’imbere mwambaye n’ibindi yagakwiye kuba azi. Iyo mugerageje kugira icyo muvuga kiganisha muri iyo nzira, ababwira ko ananiwe cyangwa se yanabapfa agasoni akuzuza amabanga y ’urugo ku buryo butamuri ku mutima nta kubitaho nagato nk ’ikimashini. 6. Ahindura inyogosho n ’imyambarire Mu gihe atitaga ku bigezweho, ubu niwe usiyagaye yambara ibigezweho gusa, imipira, amashati, imikandara, inyogosho nshya ndetse asigaye ajya no gukina muri weekend atarigeze abikora mbere. Ibyo akenshi abiterwa n ’uko aba yifuza kugaragara ko adashaje cyane. 7. Nta gitekerezo gishya kikimurangwaho Ntagitekereza kuba mwatembera, kuba mwakubaka indi nzu cyangwa se kuba mwabyara undi mwana (birumvikana igihe bigishoboka kandi mubifitiye ubushobozi). Niyo agize igitekerezo ni igitekezo cy ’igihe gito gusa. 8. Ntacyo mugikorera hamwe Ntimwibuka ubwo muheruka kugira igihe cyanyu mwenyine murebana akana ko mu jisho. Arebera televiziyo mu cyumba muraramo, ajya gusura inshuti mutajyanye, muri kaze musigaye mubana nk ’abataziranye. Muri make agendera kure ibintu byose byatuma abantu bababonana. 9. Akora amakosa ntabone ibisubizo Mugize mutya muguye ku kimenyetso gituma mukeka ko abaca inyuma nk ’udukingirizo, rouge a levres ku ishati ye, fagitire ya restaurant...Mu gihe mumusaba gusobanura ibijya mbere, agerageza kubabeshya, maze akababwira inkuru zicurikiranye. 10. Arasobanura akarenza Aratangira ati: “ Nagiye gukina maze njya gufata rimwe n ’inshuti ndetse mboneraho noherereza ubutumwa inshuti yanjye. Muri ako kanya nagiye kubona mbona aratwegereye turaganira...Kandi ibyo byose ntabyo mwamusabye. Uko gutanga ibisobanuro byinshi abiterwa n ’uko umutima we uba umushisha ko yari ikibi yakoze maze akagerageza kwiha amahoro asohora ibibyiganira muri we n’amagambo menshi. Mu kurangiza iyi nkuru nagira ngo mbabwire ko bibabaza kuvumbura ko uwo wibwiraga ko agukunda aguca inyuma. Ariko inama nyayo ni ukwiga kwakirana umutima utuje izo nkuru z ’inshamugogo ahubwo wenda bikababera umwanya wo kureba icyaba kitagera mu mibanire yanyu n ’umugabo cyangwa umugore wanyu maze mwasanga wenda ariyo soko y ’ibiri kuba mugaherako mukagerageza kubishyira mu bikorwa. Iyo bitagenze gutyo, hari benshi nabo bafata icyemezo cyo kwereka uwabaciye inyuma ko nabo bashoye kumuca inyuma bityo nabo bakagwa mu makosa nk ’ayo yaguyemo. Ni byiza kumenya kwigira mu bibazo kuko burya ngo ni umwarimu mwiza.

IBINTU 10 ABAKOBWA BANGA KU BAHUNGU

Waba uri umuhungu cyangwa umugabo uri mu rukundo ariko ukaba utinya ko umunsi umwe wazababaza umukunzi wawe? Dore bimwe mu bintu abagore n ’abakobwa banga urunuka ukwiye kwitwararika mu mibanire yanyu kugira ngo uyirinde kuzamo agatotsi. 1. Abakobwa banga abahungu bakora ibintu biteye ishozi nko no kuba wavuga cyangwa ugakora ibintu biteye isesemi igihe muri kumeza cyangwa se muri ahantu hari abantu benshi. 2. Uzirinde kuba wavuga inkuru isekeje imwerekeyeho imbere y ’inshuti. Ibyo biba umwaku igihe ubigize akemenyero, nubikomeza, umenye ko iminsi yanyu hamwe ibariye ku mitwe y ’intoki. 3. Ntukifuze ko umukobwa yakwiyitaho nkawe. Ni byiza kumenya ko uko umukobwa ashaka kugaragara muri rubanda bitandukanye n’uko wowe wumva wagaragara (umusore uhamye, ufite ibigango ukuramo ishati ngo bose babone ko ari igikurankota koko). Mureke yiyiteho bya gikobwa uko umutima we ubimubwiriza. 4. Ntuzatonganye umukobwa ngo yikoraho agakabya(make up, maquillage). Ibyo bituma yigiramo ikizere kandi akumva ari mwiza rwose kandi byose abikorera kugushimisha. Ahubwo ujye nibura ushima uwo mwanya aba yataye yiyitabo kugira ngo aguheshe ishema umushimira mu magambo anyuze umutima. 5. Abakobwa banga kandi abahungu bambara imyenda iriho ibisemba cyangwa ibishushanyo biteye ubwoba(dragon, shitani n ’indi wumva biteye ubwoba). Niba wari ufite inshuti ugatekereza kuyisura cyangwa gusohokana nayo wambaye umwenda uriho ibyo bishushanyo, ibyiza nuko uwo mwenda ahubwo wareba aho uwujugunya. 6. Ibirori nk’isabukuru y’amavuko n’ugusohokana n’inshuti bishoboka kuba wowe ntacyo bikubwiye, ariko ku bakobwa bisobanuye ikintu kinini cyane. Niyo umukobwa yakubwira ko ntacyo yifuza ku munsi mukuru wa Mutagatifu Valentino, si ibyo aba ashatse kuvuga, ugomba kugira icyo umuha. Icyo abashatse kuvuga ni uko nta kintu kihariye yifuza ahubwo ko ugomba kwibwiriza ukamutungura maze kumamwereka ko iteka umutekerezaho. Urajye ubwibuka. 7. Ku mukobwa, inshuti nk ’umuryango, ugomba kuzubaha kandi ukazitaho. Nubwo atabigusaba cyangwa ngo abikwibutse urage wibuka kwitoza kuzikunda. Nk ’uko bita ku nshuti zawe, nawe ite ku zabo. 8. Mu makosa yose ushobora gukora, ntuzatinyuke kwita umukobwa umusazi cyangwa ngo akora nk ’utagira ubwenge. Uko waba ukeka ko yakabije mu buryo yitwaye mu kibazo, ntuzigere uvuga iryo jambo. Mu yandi magambo ukwiye kurikura mu nkoranyamagambo yawe ukoresha igihe muganira. Mu gihe bahuye n ’ibibazo, niwo mwanya baba bakeneye ko ubereka ko ubari iruhande, iyo rero umubwiye ngo yarasaze, aho kumugarura agatima ahubwo bituma ibibazo birushaho kumuremerera. 9. Ikindi kintu kibabaza umukobwa ndetse birengeje kuba wanamwita umusazi imbere ya rubanda, ni ukumugereranya n’abandi bakobwa. Uzirinde kugira icyo uvuga ku ifoto y ’umukobwa ubonye mu nzira cyangwa se muri filmi uvuga ngo yambaye neza cyangwa ngo ni mwiza. Nubwo wowe uba utabibona, ahita yigereranya n ’uwo mukobwa uba umaze kuvuga maze yasanga bigoranye kumushyikira umutima we ukababara. Iteka aba ashaka kumva ko ari ikinege kuri wowe, ko ntawundi wamuganya nawe. 10. Mu makosa yose ushobora gukora ntuzigere wibagirwa iminsi mikuru ifite igisobanuro gikomeye mu buzima bwe nk’isabukuru y’amavuko cyangwa se isabukuru y ’isezerano ry’ugushyingirwa kwanyu. Ni ukosa risumba ayandi. Hari byinshi abakobwa banga ku bahungu ariko kuri iyi nshuro turagarukira hano. Urundi rutonde tuzarukomeza ubutaha tumaze kubona ko iyi nkuru mwayikunze cyangwa se hari icyo yabafashijeho mu kuduha ibitekerezo biyerekeye. Ikindi nagira ngo mbwire abagabo n ’abasore b’iki gihe, murabize ko muri iyi minsi bivugwa ko abakobwa bikundira gusa abagabo bafite amafaranga. Ibyo bishatse kuvuga nanone ko abakobwa bakunda gusa abagabo bafite akaza gakomeye? Nagira ngo mbabwire ko abakobwa batanga abagabo badafite akazi ahubwo icyo banga bakaziririza ni umugabo udafite umutima ushaka akazi. Baba bifuza ko iteka ubereka ko buri munsi ukora kugira ngo ejo habe heza. Iyo rero nta mutima ushaka akazi ufite nta mukobwa n ’umwe wagukunda ndakurahiye pe.

Ni gute warambana n'umukunzi wawe?

Hari abantu benshi bahora bibona nk ’aho batajya bagira amahirwe mu rukundo, igihe cyose bakundanye ntibimare kabiri! ndetse bamwe batangira kugira abo bahimbira ko babatera umwaku kandi byahe biragatabwa. Tuzi twese ko kugirango urukundo rw ’abantu babiri bakundana (ndavuga umusore n ’inkumi) rurambe kandi rukomere, habamo ubufasha bw ’Imana ariko na none natwe tugomba kugira uruhare mu burambe bw ’urukundo rwacu, ibyo rero bihera ku buryo usanzwe ubana n ’abantu, ariko na kamere usanganywe iba ifite uruhare runini ku mahirwe make cyangwa menshi uzagira mu rukundo rwawe n ’umusore cyangwa inkumi. Ubushize naberetse uburyo umukobwa ashobora kubwira cyangwa kwereka umusore ko amukeneyeho urukundo, ubu noneho ngiye kubagira inama 7 z ’uburyo urukundo rwawe rushobora kuramba ukava mu guhora umarana n ’inshuti amezi abiri gusa waba uri umukobwa cyangwa umusore. 1. Kuva mu rukundo rw ’umuriro ugurumana ukajya ku rukundo rutuje kandi rufite gahunda nziza Iyo mugitangira gukundana muba mwumva mufite urukundo rufite ibirimi by ’umuriro, mutwika ikibakozeho cyose! mbese hamwe wumva mugenzi wawe nta kindi yakora uretse kukwicara iruhande, urwo rukundo ruramutse rukomeje gutyo ntirwaramba cyane. Gukunda bimara igihe, bisaba kumenya kugenda uva kuri iryo tanura mu mezi ya mbere ugenda uganisha ku rukundo rushyira mu gaciro kandi rutagambiriye kwiyamamaza, hahandi buri wese aba atangiye kumva no kwemera ko atandukanye na mugenzi we kandi akubaha iryo tandukaniro kuko abantu badashobora gutera kimwe. Muri make ugomba gukunda mugenzi wawe uko ateye kose atari ukumukundira gusa kuza kuzuza ibyo ubuze wamara kubibona ukamutera ishoti ! 2.Rekera aho kumva ko mu rukundo rwa mwembi inyungu zawe arizo zigomba kubanza Kugirango mwizere uburambe bw ’urukundo rwanyu, mugomba kugenda murema buhoro buhoro imibanire ya couple ntangarugero, aho umwe agira uburyo abyitwaramo ariko undi nawe agasanga yiyumvamo ubwo buryo bwa mugenzi we.Mbese ugakunda uwo mubano wanyu nk ’uko ukunda mugenzi wawe cyangwa wikunda nawe ubwawe. 3. Emera Kwishyira ukizana kwa mugenzi wawe(liberté) Nyabuneka emera ko mugenzi wawe umumenye akuze kandi ko aho yinyujije hose utari uri kumwe nawe. Igihe mumaze gukundana rero wishaka noneho kumuzirika ngo umuheze umwuka ntutume akomeza gusabana n ’inshuti ze bashobora kuba barananyuranye mu bundi buzima bukomeye utazi. Igihe utangiye gushaka ko avugana cyangwa agendana n ’abo uzi cyangwa ushaka gusa, ndakurahiye urwo rukundo ushaka ni wowe urimo kuruniga! Ha mugenzi wawe icyizere, nawe niba agukunda ntazaguhemukira kandi nawe ni mukuru azi ubwenge. 4. Ganira bitomoye na mugenzi wawe (communication claire) Gukunda mugenzi wawe ntibivuze ko wowe wiyanga, ni ngombwa ko uganiriza umukunzi wawe ugaragaza udaciye ku ruhande ibyifuzo byawe, ibyiyumviro, kandi ukirinda kuvangira imibanire ye n ’abandi(aha ntibivuze ko utamucyebura igihe atangiye kurengera ariko nabwo ukabikora mu kinyabupfura). Iyo kandi ni inzira nziza yo gufasha umukunzi wawe kumenya aho uhagaze n ’urwego ugezeho bityo bikamworohera nawe kukubwira byose atishisha. 5. Garagaza ubushake bwo kugumana nawe (simvuga kugumana nawe mwicaranye mu gashyamba)! Hejuru yo kuba mukundana urukundo rutuje, kumarana igihe kini mukundana bigaburira neza imishinga yanyu, bituma muhora muhuriza inyungu zanyu ahantu hamwe(nta wihagararaho ngo yange kuva kw ’izima), ndetse biranaborohera guhangana n ’inzitizi muhura nazo kuko muba mufatanyije.Kumarana igihe rero byubaka icyizere gikomeye kuko buri wese aba abona undi amufitiye akamaro kanini, kandi burya umubano umaze igihe biragoye ko bamwe baba babafitye amashyari babasha kuwusenya biboroheye. 6. Jya ugerageza kugira ibitekerezo bishya mu mubano wanyu Kugirango wirinde imitego yo kuba mu buzima bumwe(routine), kora uko ushoboye nka nyuma y ’igihe runaka ugire agashya wazana mu mubano wanyu kandi ntugatinye kumutungura (surprise) aha ntimukumve ko surprises ari ukuzimya amatara ukaririmba joyeux anniversaire gusa! ushobora gutunguza mugenzi wawe utuntu twinshi kandi duto ariko tukamushimisha cyane ku buryo bifasha kumarana igihe kinini mukundana. Niba ubishoboye jya ugerageza kumusetsa (simvuga kumukirigita nubwo nabyo haba igihe cyabyo) mbese uhorane imvugo ituma umuntu ahora yishimye, ujye umuha uduparu rimwe narimwe ariko atari buri saha, agomba kujya abikumbura akaba aribwo ubikora, kandi nko mu bihe byanyu byiza ujye umenya ibyo yifuza kandi ubyubahe ntushake gushyira imbaraga mu bintu kandi atabishaka. 7. Ntugatinye gufashwa Burya inshuti zose ziba zitandukanye kuko buri wese aza afite amateka yanyuzemo. Kugirango rero ubashe kongera kuganira neza nka mbere, wongere wumve wishimiye couple yawe cyangwa ubashe kurenga ibigeragezo, ntutinye rwose kwakira ubufasha bw ’inzobere. Rimwe na rimwe inama z’inzobere (nk’abahanga mu bya thérapie) zijya zibasha kuvanaho cyangwa guhindura imyumvire itari myiza abantu baba bafite ku bintu runaka ndetse izo nama zikaba zanafasho kongera kubyutsa urukundo rwanyu iyo rutangiye kugenda munzi y ’ibirenge byanyu aho kugirango rubagaragare mu maso. Ndizera neza ku igihe mushoboye kugera kuri ibi byose maze kubabwira, nta kabuza urukundo rwanyu ruzaba rutoshye pe! kandi nibigira icyo bikumarira ntuzatinye kuba wabitangamo ubuhamya kugirango bikomeze bifashe n ’abandi.

IMIHANGO Y'UBUKWE BWA KINYARWANDA

1.Gushyingira no Gushyingirwa 2.Gukwa 3.Gutenda 4.Ibyo Basabisha Umugeni 5.Intangiriro yo Gusaba 6.Inzoga zo mu Kingogo, Bushiru n’Ahandi 7.Kuraguriza Umugeni 8.Kuraguza no Guterekera 9.Kuraguza, Guterekera, Indibu 10.Ikigagara 11.Umuranga 12.Guhana Umukobwa 13.Inkuri n ’Igiseke 14.Ihaguruka ry’Umugeni 15.Guca mu Irembo no Kwanura 16.Gucunda, Guca Hagati, Kumara Amavuta 17.Gukirana no Kumara Amavuta 18.Gusenda Abakwe 19.Kubyukurutsa 20.Kumenyereza no Kurisha Umugeni 21.Kurongora no Kurongorwa 22.Kwakira Umwishywa 23.Nyuma yo kurongora 24.Gutekesha 25.Gutwikurura 26.Kubonera Urugo 27.Impamvu zo Gutandukana k’Umugore 28.Impamvu zo Gutandukana k’Umugabo 29.Kwanura 30.gutandukana 31.Gusenda 32.Kurongoranya 33.Gukoranura 34.Imihango n’Imiziririzo y’Abashyingiwe 35.Kwiba Umukobwa 36.Kurarira 37.Kumviriza Tubwire ubwa kizungu hasi

KUyiFATA NABI BIBYARA IBIHANO KUBAyEMERA: nguru urutonde

1. Azahanishwa igihano cy’imyaka 10 adakandagira mu kabari umuntu uzafatwa anywa amazi inzoga zitabuze; 2. Azahanishwa gufungwa imyaka 4 cyangwa amakaziye 10 ya Tonton Skol, umuntu wese bazaha inzoga akiha kuyanga … 3. Azahanishwa iminyafu 9 cyangwa iminsi 5 atagera mu kabari, umuntu wese uzasangwa ari gufungura urwagwa (kumenamo amazi, akakagira karekare …) 4. Azafungwa burundu, umuntu wese uzafatwa yiha kugarura ibyo yanyoye … 5. Kunywa wenyine wicaye mu rugo iwawe bihanishwa kumara amezi 22 ugura wenyine uko winjiye mu kabari. 6. Gusinzirana ikirahure kirimo inzoga kiguteretse imbere bihanishwa gufungwa imyaka 3. Iki gihano ntikijuririrwa. 7. Kwanga gusomeza itabi inzoga (manyinya, umwenge, …) bihanishwa igihano cyo gukora imyaka 2 muri TABARWANDA (harya iracyabaho wana ?) udahembwa … 8. Kwanga kugura inzoga kandi ufite amafaranga mu mufuka ni ikosa rikomeye rihanishwa kumara icyumweru cyose utarya utanywa; 9. Gufatwa wicaranye n’abantu batanywa inzoga ni icyaha cy ’indengakamere cyibasira inyoko-basinzi. Uretse gukubitwa imitumba y ’insina z’inyamunyu, uwafatiwe muri icyo cyaha amara amezi 6 afungiye mu muryango w ’akabari. 10. Birabujijwe guhaguruka mu kabari utarasinda bihagije. Nywa kugeza igihe wibagiriwe amategeko 9 yavuzwe haruguru.

DORE UKO WAKWITWARA UGIYE GUKORA interviews Y'AKAZI

MARK zuckerberg ni muntu ki?-facebook-

-- Niwe dukesha
FACEBOOK.
-- Mu 2008, ku myaka
24 yari umuntu wa 321
ukize kurusha abandi
muri Amerika.
-- Mu buzima busanzwe
afite umukobwa
w'inshuti witwa
Priscilla Chan.
-- Yakoze porogaramu
icuranga umuziki yitwa
SYNAPSE.
-- Yakoze indi version
nshya y'umukino "Risk"
itarabagaho.
UBWANA BWE
Mark Elliot Zuckerberg
yavutse tariki ya 14
Gicurasi 1984, avukira i
Dobbs Ferry muri New
York. Ni umunyamerika
ufite inkomoko
y'umuyahudi, ukora
amaporogaramu ya
mudasobwa akaba
n'umushoramari . Ni
mwene Edward na Karen
Zuckerberg. Mark
yarerewe i Dobbs Ferry
n'ababyeyi be. Nyina ni
umuganga naho se akaba
muganga w'amenyo. Mark
Zuckerberg na bagenzi
Dustin Moskovitz na
Chris Hughes nibo
bakoze FACEBOOK. Kugera
ubu baracyakorana muri
Facebook. Yatangiye
kwiga programming akiri
muto cyane,
agashimishwa cyane no
gukora porogaramu za
mudasobwa, cyane cyane
izo gukoresha mu
itumanaho tutibagiwe
n'imikino. Yize muri
Ardsley High School,
nyuma ajya gukomereza
muri Phillips Exeter
Academy. Igihe yari muri
Phillips Exeter Academy,
yakoze porogaramu yo
gufasha abakozi bo mu
biro bya se gutumanaho
biboroheye; yakoze indi
version nshya y'umukino
"Risk" itarabagaho,
anakora porogaramu
icuranga umuziki izwi ku
izina rya "SYNAPSE"
yakoreshaga "artificial
intelligence" mu
kumenya ibyo uyikoresha
akunda kumva kenshi.
Microsoft na AOL
zagerageje kugura
Synapse, bigeretseho
kumuha akazi ariko
ahitamo kujya kwiga muri
HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
Zuckerberg na MacBook
ye.
"FACEBOOK"
IVUKA RYAYO
Zuckerberg yashyize
Facebook kuri interineti
tariki ya 4 Gashyantare
2004, abikoreye mu
cyumba cye muri Harvard.
Igitekerezo cya Facebook
cyavuye ku byabaga muri
Phillips Exeter Academy,
aho byari umuco ko buri
mwaka hasohoka igitabo
gikubiyemo
amafoto y'amasura
y'abanyeshuri, abarimu
ndetse n'abandi bakozi
cyitwaga "FACEBOOK".
Facebook yatangiye ari
nk'ikintu cyo muri
Harvard gusa, kugera
ubwo yiyemeje ko igera
no mu yandi mashuri,
abifashwamo na Dustin
Moskovitz babanaga mu
cyumba. Babanje
kuyohereza muri
Stanford, Dartmouth,
Columbia, Cornell na
Yale ndetse n'andi
mashuri afitanye
umubano wihariye na
Harvard.
Mu mpeshyi, bari bamaze
kuyigeza ku mashuri
mirongo ine n'atanu kandi
ibihumbi n'ibihumbi
by'abantu bayikoresha.
Muri Harvard, Zuckerberg
yari umunyamuryango
wa Alpha Epsilon Pi.
KWIMUKIRA MURI
CALIFORNIA
Zuckerberg na Sheryl,
umwe mu bayobozi ba
Facebook.
Zuckerberg, Moskovitz na
bamwe mu nshuti zabo,
bimukiye i Palo Alto muri
California. Bakodesha
akazu gato kabaye gakora
nk'ibiro. Muri iyo mpeshyi,
Zuckerberg yaje guhura na
Peter Thiel wahise
ashoramo imari. Nyuma
gato, muri iyo mpeshyi
nibwo babonye ibiro
byabo bya mbere.
Zuckerberg avuga ko icyo
gikundi cyashatse
gusubira i Harvard nyuma
y'iyo mpeshyi, birangira
bahisemo kwigumira muri
California. Kugera kuri uyu
munsi, ntago Zuckerberg
yari yasubira muri
Harvard nk'umunyeshuri.
NEWS FEED
Tariki ya 5 Nzeli 2006,
nibwo Facebook yatangije
News Feed, yari igamije
kumenyesha buri muntu
uyikoresha icyo inshuti ze
zihugiyemo kuri Facebook
muri iyo minsi. Abatari
bake barayirwanyije,
bavuga ko itari ngombwa.
FACEBOOK PLATFORM
Tariki ya 24 Gicurasi 2007,
Zuckerberg yashyize
ahagaragara Facebook
Platform, yari igamije
gufasha abandi bantu
bakora amaporogaramu
kuba bagira social
applications bakora,
zakongerwa kuri
Facebook. Ibi byanyuze
abantu benshi muri abo
bakora amaporogaramu,
ku buryo mu byumweru
bike, hari social
applications zari zamaze
gukorwa ndetse zinafite
abazikoresha benshi
cyane. Muri iki gihe, hari
abantu barenga ibihumbi
magana ane bakora ayo
ma applications ku isi
hose.
Kuri 23 Nyakanga 2008,
Zuckerberg yongeye
gushyira ahagaragara
Facebook Connect, ikaba
iyi yo ari version ya
Facebook Platform yo
gukora social applications
ku zindi mbuga za
interineti.
FACEBOOK BEACON
Zuckerberg ku murimo.
Tariki ya 6 Ugushyingo
2007, mu gikorwa cyari
cyabereye i Los Angeles,
Zuckerberg yatangaje
ubundi buryo bushya bwo
kwamamaza . Muri iyi
porogaramu, igice kimwe
cyayo cyatumaga
abakoresha Facebook
bashobora gusangira
amakuru n'inshuti zabo
bishingiye ku byo barimo
bakora ku zindi mbuga za
interineti.
Urugero ni nkaho
umucuruzi wa eBay,
yashoboraga gutuma
inshuti ze zo kuri
Facebook zimenya
ibicuruzwa bafite,
zibimenyeye muri NEWS
FEED twabonye haruguru.
Iyo porogaramu
ntiyabashije gukomeza
kuko yahuye n'ikibazo
cyuko hari abantu baba
badashaka ko abandi
bapfa kubamenyera
ibintu. Zuckerberg na
Facebook ye, ntibabashije
gukemura icyo kibazo mu
maguru mashya, bituma
ku ya 5 Ukuboza 2007,
Zuckerberg ubwe
yandikira ubutumwa
abakoreshaga Facebook
mu rwego rwo
kubiseguraho.
MU BIBAZO NA ConnectU
Divya Narendra, Cameron
Winklevoss na Tyler
Winklevoss biganye na
Zuckerberg muri Harvard,
batangiye kuvuga ko
yabibye igitekerezo ku
rubuga rwabo rwa
interineti ConnectU. Mu
2004 bakoze ikirego ariko
kuri 28 Werurwe 2007
nticyahabwa agaciro .
Ikirego cyongeye
gusubirwamo nyuma
gato, muri U.S District
Court i Boston muri
Massachussets, umunsi wo
kucyumva ushyirwa ku ya
25 Nyakanga 2007. Iki
nacyo nticyaba cyujuje
ibisabwa,
uwaburanishaga aha
uruhande rwaregaga
uburenganzira bwo
guhindura uburyo. Ku ya
25 Kamena 2008,
urubanza ruraba,
Facebook yemera
gutanga miliyoni 65
z'amadolari
y'amanyamerika mu
kurangiza urubanza.
Ugushyingo 2007, ku
rubuga rwa interineti
rw'ikinyamakuru 02138
cya Harvard,
hagaragayeho impapuro
ziriho nimero
y'ubwishingizi ya
Zuckerberg, aho ababyeyi
be batuye ndetse
n'umukobwa w'inshuti ye
aho atuye. Facebook
yareze ishaka ko izo
mpapuro zivaho ariko
ntiyatsinda.
FORBES
Mu 2008, Forbes
yashyize Zuckerberg ku
mwanya wa 321 mu
bantu bakize kurusha
abandi muri Leta zunze
ubumwe z'Amerika na
miliyari 1.5
z'amanyamerika. Niwe
muntu muto kurusha
abandi umaze kugaragara
ku rutonde Forbes 400.
Mu 2009, byavuzwe ko
ubutunzi bwe
bwamanutse bukaba buri
munsi ya miliyari 1.
Gushora imari kwa
MICROSOFT muri
Facebook.
Kuri 24 Ukwakira 2007,
Facebook Inc. yagurishije
1.6% kuri Microsoft Corp.
kuri miliyoni 240
z'amanyamerika, ku
mpamvu zo kurwanira
isoko ryo gushakashaka
kuri interineti na nimero
ya mbere muri byo
Google. Abakurikiranira
hafi iby'ubukungu bavuga
ko Microsoft ishobora
kuba yarahahombeye.
UBUZIMA BUSANZWE.
Uretse kuba ari umuherwe
ari muto cyangwa ari
igitangaza mu
ikoranabuhanga, ni
umuhungu nk'abandi bose
kuko nawe arakunda,
akaba afite umukobwa
w'inshuti bahuriye i
Harvard witwa Priscilla
Chan. Mu 2007, uyu
Priscilla yarangije kwiga
ajya
kwegera umukunzi we i
Palo Alto.
Zuckerberg na Priscilla

UBUCUTI N'URUKUNDO NYARWO

Kugira umukunzi ntibigomba kubangamira ibihe byiza n 'inshuti zawe magara Iyo umuhungu cyangwa umukobwa abonye uwo yita umukunzi, ibintu byinshi mu buzima bwe birahinduka, ariko byose ntibihinduka mu buryo bwiza (Positif). Urugero ni uko umuntu atangira guha akanya gato inshuti ze zisanzwe, ugasanga ntibagihura ngo baganire kandi biba bikenewe. Hari n’igihe yewe utandukana n’uwo witaga umukunzi, wazareba ugasanga inshuti zawe zagushizeho, kandi ari wowe wabyiteye. Aha ntibivuze ko ugomba kuba ingaruzwamuheto y ’inshuti zawe, ahubwo mu buzima bwawe ni byiza ko ushaka n ’izindi nshuti nshya, kuko izo usanganywe zishobora no kukubera ikibazo mu nzira yawe yo gutera imbere (nzabigarukaho mu yindi nkuru). Ariko nanone iyo ugiye kure y ’inshuti zawe uba witesheje ibihe byiza mwagiranaga, inama bakugiraga cyangwa izo wowe wabagiraga, n ’indi mishinga mwari mufitanye. Uubushakashatsi bwakozwe n ’abahanga bo muri Kaminuza ya Oxford bwerekanye ko niba usanzwe ufite inshuti 5 za hafi (abajama) nyuma ukazahura n ’umukunzi, nyuma y’igihe gito usanga ufite inshuti 4, kandi harimo na wa mukunzi. Ni ukuvuga ko uba usigaranye inshuti magara 3 kongeraho umukunzi, izindi 2 ziba zarakuvuyeho. Biterwa n ’iki rero? Hari igihe wibwira ko ugomba kwereka umukunzi wawe ko umukunda n ’umutima wawe wose, ko akurutira byose na bose. Mu nkuru nigeze kandika yitwa Ni gute wabona inshuti y ’umuhungu cyangwa y’umukobwa?(kanda hano uyisome) nabwiraga abantu ko iyo uri umusore ufite inshuti nyinshi zishoboka, abakobwa babona ko wibitsemo ubukungu kuko uba werekanye ko ufitanye umubano mwiza n’abandi; ibyo ni nako bimeze ku bakobwa. Gusa niba utangiye wereka umuntu ko uri cool ku bantu bose akazagera aho akagukunda, nuhindura imyitwarire ntibizaba ari byiza kuko uzaba ukuyeho icyatumye akwemera bwa mbere. Ni hahandi nimujya gutandukana azakubwira ati “mbere wari umwana mwiza, none warahindutse.” Ibyiza rero ni uko wakomeza gukora ibyo wakoraga utarahura n ’uwo mukunzi. Niba uri umunyeshuri, komeza wige, nturangare. Nutangira gukwepa amasomo ngo ujye guhura nawe uzaba umuha ishusho (image) y’umuntu utari serious, utubahiriza inshingano. Niba ufite akazi, gakore neza nk ’uko wari usanzwe ugakora, cyangwa wongereho; kudomoka ugiye kumureba ushobora gukeka ko bizamwereka ko umukunda, kandi ahubwo uba werekana ko udaha agaciro ibintu bya ngombwa mu buzima bwawe. Niba ufite inshuti zawe, komeza uzigenere igihe cyazo. Birumvikana ko nugira umukunzi icyo gihe kizagabanuka. Niba uri umuselibateri, nuramuka urushinze uzajya uhura n ’inshuti zawe igihe gito, ariko ntibiguha uburenganzira bwo kudahura nazo. Niba uri inkumi, birumvikana ko igihe uzarongorwa ukabyara uzabura igihe cyo kuvugana n’inshuti zawe, yewe n’igihe wamaranaga n’umugabo kizagabanuka kandi mubana! Ariko menya ko ufite obligation ku kazi, amasomo, umugabo/ umugore wawe ndetse n ’inshuti zawe. Kimwe mu bintu bituma inshuti zawe zidashyigikira umukunzi wawe harimo n ’uburyo umwitwaraho. Niba wicaranye n ’abandi basore munywa buri wese icyo ashoboye, mwateganyije ko muri bube muri hamwe igihe kinini gishoboka, hashira iminota 30 ukigendera ngo ugiye guhura n ’umukunzi bizatuma babishyiramo mwembi, ntibamubone neza … Niba wicaranye n’inshuti zawe muganira, wowe urangaye uri gucatinga (chat) nawe kuri internet yo kuri phone, cyangwa mwandikirana sms (dore ko bisigaye bihendutse kubi), cyangwa ukabibeta ukajya kuvugana nawe iminota 40 kuri telefoni, ntiwibwire ko inshuti zawe zizashyigikira iyo relationship. Bazakureka wibereho, nibabona ugiye kugwa mu ruzi urwita ikiziba bakureke, bazakurohore wamaze gusoma nka kabiri, kuko uzaba nawe wabahaye agaciro gake. Isomo wakuramo rero nta rindi uretse kugira gahunda kandi ukazubahiriza. Niba wageneye igihe inshuti zawe magara, zubahe. Umukunzi naguhamagara umwitabe muvugane igihe gito, umubwire ko hari abantu muri kumwe, azabyumva. Natabyumva ikibazo ntikizaba kiri kuri wowe… Genera umukunzi igihe cye, n’inshuti zawe uzigenere igihe cyazo.

WARUZI KO internet YABYARA URUKUNDO? OUI ou Non

Abantu benshi baraza kwibaza ngo urukundo rukoresheje internet ni ibiki ? Nyamara iki ni ikibazo abantu benshi muri iyi minsi basigaye bahura nacyo kandi kirabakomereye muri make kuko kubwabo bumva internet ikomeje kubabuza uburenganzira bwabo cywangwa abandi bakumva ibafasha kwihutisha gahunda zabo mu rukundo. Ubuhamya bw'abantu babiri batandukanye tugiye kurebera hamwe buradufasha kureba uko byifashe no gufata umwanzuro kuri iki kibazo kandi binaduhe isomo kuko abenshi mu bakuzi ba IGIHE.COM bashobora kuba barahuye n'iki kibazo cyangwa bazahura nacyo. Ubuhamya bwa mbere Ubu buhanywa ni ubw'umusore w'imyaka 26 uba muri Canada, uyu musore utarashatse ko amazina ye ajya ahagaragara yaduhaye ubuhamya bw'uko yakundanye n'umukobwa wari mu Rwanda maze bikaza kurangira urukundo rwabo ruvuyemo ko barushingana. Uko byagenze : Nkunda gukoresha intenet cyane kandi numva inyuze , naje kujya kuri Hi5 mbona umukobwa mwiza cyane ndamutumira icyo gihe nari mfite imyaka 22 nuko tukajya twandikirana bisanzwe kuko numvaga mwishimiye. Naje kumusaba nimero ze ampa iz'iwabo mu rugo, ambwira n'amasaha abonekaho nkajya muhamagara. Icyo gihe yari afite imyaka 19 njye mfite 22 , yari arangije amashuri yisumbuye muri LDK mu gihe njye nari maze umwaka umwe ndi muri Canada. twakomeje kuba incuti bikajya bigenda bimfasha kuko yari umukobwa uzi ubwenge cyane ku buryo twaganiraga nkumva ndishimye. Hi5 yaramfashije cyane kuko iyo ntamuhamagaraga buri munsi yarageragezaga akanyandikira nanjye nkamwandikira kandi nkumva ndishimye. Umunsi umwe yaje kugira ikibazo gikomeye ubwo umubyeyi we yitabaga Imana, sinabashije kubimenya kuko yahise asa nk'ubuze kuri internet nahamagara kuri telefoni yo mu rugo bikanga. Byarantunguye numva ndababaye cyane kuko numvaga maze kumukunda kubera twari tumaze umwaka n'igice twandikirana buri munsi, tuvugana byibura kabiri mu cyumweru. Ibi rero sinabyihanganiye nahaye amafoto umu cousin wanjye maze muha na nimero za telefoni yo mu rugo maze mutuma kumushaka, amahirwe yaramubonye amugezaho ubutumwa nari namuhaye, ibi byaramfashije cyane kuko byatumye agaruka maze mufata mu mugongo mu bihe bikomeye yari arimo, bituma nawe abasha kumva ankunze n'ubwo yari kure yanjye. Ibyo byaje kurangira twese tutari kumwe ariko dukundana kandi bimaze kugera ku ntera yo hejuru ku buryo abantu benshi bari bamaze kumenya ko dukundana kandi tutari kumwe. Ibi rero byaje kuntera amatsiko yo kuzaza kureba umukunzi wanjye nari naramenyeye kuri Hi5 hari hasize imyaka 3 yose, naraje maze ndamubona ndamusura nsura n'inshuti n'abavandimwe. Ibi rero byatumye numva nkunze uyu mukobwa cyane kuko uburyo yanyakiriye byantunguye kandi yari anyishimiye cyane anyereka urukundo rwinshi kandi rukomeye cyane. Naje gusubira muri Canada kuko igihe nari mfite cyari kirangiye, gusa nagiye maze gufata umugambi wo kuzagaruka vuba cyane maze nkajyana umukunzi wanjye kuko yari amaze kunyura kandi yarambereye imfura. Ntibyatinze naragarutse dukora ubukwe maze ndamujyana. Ubu turi kumwe ariko buri munsi antegurira udushya twinshi cyane ku buryo numva ubuzima bwanjye bwarahindutse, cyane cyane kuva namara kurishingana nawe mporana umunezero kubera urukundo rwe n'uburyo amfasha mu bitekerezo mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Nkaba nshima cyane umuntuwazanye Hi5 kuko yatumye mbona urukundo rurambye. .................................... Aha muri ubu buhamya biragaragara ko uyu musore yaboneye ibyiza kuri internet ariko ntawakwiyibagiza ko yanabigiriyemo amahirwe kuko umukobwa nawe yafashe icyemezo maze yizera umuntu utamuri hafi kandi atazi, ibi bishoborwa na bake, gusa nabajije uyu muhungu niba umukobwa ataramukundiye kuba ari hanze yaba afite ubushobozi burenze ubwe nuko umuhungu ansubiza atya : " Ntago aribyo kuko uyu mukobwa iwabo barakize kundusha, ni mu muryango wihagije cyane, ku buryo icyo bifuza cyose bakibona " Byanteye kwibaza byinshi maze musaba ko nabasha kubaza ikibazo umukunzi we nuko aranyemerera. Nta kindi nakoze uretse kumubaza impamvu yakunze uwo muhungu mu gihe atari amuzi kandi agafata icyemezo kiremereye ku buzima bwe. Umukobwa yaransubije ati " Burya mu buzima amahirwe aza rimwe gusa, nari maze gutandukana n'umukunzi wanjye wa mbere yarampemukiye bikomeye cyane. Nabonye e-mail ya mbere ndi kurira ndayisiba sinanabyitaho gusa naje kubona indi imbwira ko ndi mwiza kandi isura yanjye igaragaramo amaganya menshi cyane ko mukundiye yayampoza bituma mbasha kumva nshatse kureba koko niba bishoboka nasaga n'uwihebye gusa Imana yaramfashije kuko byampiriye. " Ubuhamya bwa kabiri Ubu buhamya ni ubuhanywa bw'umukobwa wahuye n'uruva gusenya kuri internet ubwo yabeshywe n'umuhungu kakahava, kugeza ubwo yamaze amasaha 5 i Kanombe ategereje uwiyitaga umukunzi nyamara ari umuyaga. Uyu mukobwa utarashatse ko mazina ye ajya ahagaragara yaduhaye ubuhamya bw'ibyamubayeho hashize imyaka 2. Uyu mukobwa yiga muri ULK , iyo umubonye ni umukobwa mwiza witonda ubona koko ari umwari w'umutima. Gusa ngo inzira ntibwira umugenzi, uyu mwari yahuye n'akaga kuko Facebook yamukozeho ikamushengura umutima bikarangira amaze amasaha 5 ategereje uwiyitaga umukunzi ku kibuga cy'indege i Kanombe. ............................... Uko byatangiye : Byatangiye umusore anyandikira bisanzwe kuri Facebook aba anasabye phone number zanjye ndazimuha byihuse, ariko numvaga ari ubushuti bisanzwe kuko Facebook nari maze kuyigiriraho inshuti nyinshi kandi tubanye neza. Narazimuhaye maze ahita ampamagara, uwo musore twaraganiye anganiriza neza pe, ntakibazo, maze ambwira ko ari muri England. Sinabashije kumenya number ze kuko byiyandikagamo Private number maze simbashe kuzibona. Narabyihoreye maze dukomeza kujya tuganira bisanzwe agakunda kumpamagara cyane maze nanjye ngeze aho numva binteye akantu, nibwo muri iyo minsi yanansabye ko twajyana ubushuti bwacu ku rundi rwego, ariko icyo gihe twari tumaze amezi 6 tuganira agerageza kumpamagara byibura buri joro kandi anganiriza neza. Muri icyo gihe yari yaranyohereje n'amafaranga. Ku bwanjye numvaga bintunguye ariko nkibaza byinshi kuri uyu muhungu bikanyobera cyane kuko amafoto ye nabonaga n'ayo yanyohererezaga yabaga agaragaza ko ari umusore uteye neza mwiza koko kandi amagambo yambwiraga n'ama gifts yari yaranyoherereje nabonaga ntako bisa, mbona ananyitayeho. Namusabye ko yampa igihe nkabyigaho. Nyuma y'ukwezi atampamagara atananyandikira naramwandikiraga akanyihorera; hagati aho yaje kumpamagara arambaza niba narabashije kubona igihe gihagije yo kubitekerezaho, sinazuyaje nahise musubiza ko mbyemeye maze arishima aranganiriza birebire. Ibyacu byasaga nk'ibimeze neza gusa nkibaza uyu musore icyo anca kuba ankorera ibi byose, ariko nkumva ko ankunda. byaje kumviramo ko nanjye numva mukunze kuko nawe yari akomeje kubimbwira kandi abinyereka. Gusa kuko twari tumaze no kumarana igihe kirekire numvaga atari uburyarya kandi yambaga hafi mu buzima bwanjye bwose n'ubwo yari ari kure yanjye. Buri kanya yabaga yanyandikiye kuri mail yanjye cyangwa kuri facebook, ku buryo inshuti zanjye kuri Facebook zari zimaze kubibona ko mfite inshuti inkunda koko kandi bikomeye. Yaje kumbwira ko ashaka kuzaza kunsura maze biranshimisha cyane, ntangira kumwitegura nk'uwitegura umukunzi, maze ambwira amatariki azazira mu Rwanda, nuko umunsi ugeze ngenda ngiye kwakira umukunzi, yewe nanagiye ho amasaha 2 mbere kugirango ntakererwa. Nageze ku kibuga maze ntegereza indege nyuma y'amasaha 3 iba iraje abagenzi bavamo dore ko yari yambwiye ko azaza na SN Brussels Airlines, gusa abagenzi baviramo Kigali bavuyemo maze nkajya ndeba umuntu umeze nkawe nari nanitwaje ifoto ye ariko sinamubona. Byagejeje saa tanu ( 23h 00) mpita nitahira mbabaye cyane ku buryo namaze iminsi 5 ntava mu rugo agahinda karanyishe. Nyuma y'aho ibyakurikiyeho byari agahinda kuri njye kuko nagiye kuri internet maze nsangaho message imbaza uko byari bimeze ku kibuga mpita numva ko ari wa muhungu gusa yari kuri mail nyuma y'akanya gato nagiye kuri Facebook ngo nibwo nshakishije wa musore kuri Facebook ndaheba izina ndaribura biranshobera. Nibwo nigiriye inama yo kujya kubaza mu biro bya SN Brussels Airlines i Kigali niba uyu muntu yaba yaraje kuko byari bitangiye kuntera urujijo, gusa natangajwe no kumva bambwira ko uwo muntu atigeze akoreaha iyo ndege kuri uwo munsi, nibwo mbabajije ngo bandebere niba yaba yaraje mu Rwanda basi, bati "wapi ntawe tubona." Byahise binyereka ko nataye imyaka 2 yanjye nari maranye n'uwo musore kuri internet, nibwo ngerageje gushakisha bamwe mu banyeshuli twiganye kera baba muri France ngo bambarize neza abacuti babo niba bazi uwo muntu gusa ibisubizo nabonaga ni wapi ntawe twabashije kubona. Ibi rero byaje kunyereka ko ntakwizera inkundo zo kuri internet kuko akenshi abantu biyoberanya kugirango bateshe umwanya abandi babikoreye ubugome. Ibi rero bigaragaza ko benshi mu bahurira kuri internet bikomeye kuba wakwizera umuntu mu gihe mutaribonanira amaso ku maso. Ariko nanone ntawakwirengangiza ko rimwe na rimwe bishobora no gutanga umusaruro mwiza. Gusa bamwe bemeza ko n'amahirwe abamo iyo iyo case ibaye.

STRESS UYIBONA UTE?

Définition du stress [défine : stress ] Le stress est un mot anglais. Biologiquement parlant le stress correspond aux contraintes et agressions subies réelles ou imaginaires par un organisme qui vont l ’empêcher de vivre dans des bonnes conditions. Cela peut être le résultat de la somme de chocs (osmotique, thermique, traumatique, etc.) La gestion du stress est un exercice difficile pour une personne qui souffre de stress. Le stress au travail est de plus en plus répandu à causes de la fixation d’objectifs dans de nombreux domaines d ’activités. Il existe de nombreuses méthodes pour lutter contre le stress de tous les jours. source de l’image : copyright flickr / maritess Trouver de la documentation sur les pages de recherches : acupuncture stress, bague anti stress, cause du stress, causes du stress, comment gerer le stress, conseil stress, conséquence du stress, conséquences du stress, contre le stress, contre stress, d stress, définition stress, effet du stress, effets du stress, je stress, la gestion du stress, produit anti stress, stress douleur, stress et angoisse, stress et grossesse, stress grossesse, stress hydrique, stress jeu, stress permis, symptomes du stress, symptomes stress

REBA INDIRIMBO HANO: song lylics

LYRICS: Natema akati kalala, Kalala nikaza igara. Igara Owa Ntambiko Ntambiko yampa akasyo, Akasyo nakaha abagyesi, Abagyesi bampa oruro, Oruronaruha walukoko, Walukoko yampa ihuri, Ihuri narihereza abaana, Abaana bampa engyeyo, Engyeyo nagiha omukama, Omukama yampa Kaasa, Kaasa nagisheweza omukazi, Omukaazi Ya zaala Omwana, Yamweta Mugarura, Yagarura ebyo'weishe n'eshenkuru You Want another rap? Ye Ssevo x4 Mp'enkooni Mp'nkooni President of Uganda Yoweri Kaguta Museveni giving a rap session to the youths in battle for votes due to the forthcoming general elections in 2011 BY FENON RECORDS Related Videos President Yoweri Museveni rap with Lyrics - Do you want another rap Official video 1:58

Menya udukoryo twa kera

- So ni nde ?
Kazitunga.
-Gira so tunga ?
Tunga gege.
-Giraso gege ?
Gege amahina
-Gira so mahina ?
Mahinabyavu.
-Gira so byavu ?
Byavu bagabo.
-Gira so bagabo ?
Bagaba irindi.
-Giraso rindi ?
Rinda irigata.
-Gira so rigata ?
Rigata agatebe.
-Gira so Gatebe ?
Gatebe simbo.
-Gira so simbo ?
Simbo y'abakwe.
-Gira so bakwe ?
Bakwa umugeni.
-Gira so mugeni ?
Mugani indaro.
-Gira so ndaro ?
Ndaro kimizi.
-Gira so kimizi ?
Kimize amasuka.
-Gira so masuka ?
Masuka mwobo.
-Gira so mwobo ?
Mwobo w'inyaga.
-Gira so nyaga ?
Nyaga agahenbe.
-Gira so gahembe ?
Gahemba akotsi.
-Gira so kotsi ?
Kotsi k'abatabazi.
-Batabariye he ?
I Rundu na Gihara.
-Bahishe iki ?
Akamasa k'ubugondo.
-Bakazimaniye nde ?
Semitwero.
-Twera turore!
Nabyaye umwana biribiri
Mutuma ku ruzi biribiri
Ifi iramutwara biribiri.
-Iyo ntiyari ifi biribiri
Yari intabaza biriri.
Ngiye hepfo hariya
Mpura n'agakobwa
Kambaye amasunzu
Nkubitamo agapfunsi
Haza agapfunegeri.

IBIBAZO N'IBISUBIZO

AIBIBAZO N’IBISUBIZO
KU BIJYANYE
N ’AMATEGEKO
Y’UMUHANDA
. SOBANURA AMAGAMBO
AKURIKIRA :
1) Inzira
nyabagendwa.Ing.2
R/Ni imbago zose
z ’imihanda minini,
amabarabara, aho abantu
nyamwinshi bahurira, aho
imodoka nyinshi
zihagarara, inzira n ’utuyira
two ku muhanda, ibiraro,
ibyombo, muri rusange
imihanda nyabagendwa
igendwamo ku butaka.
2) Umuhanda.
Ni igice cy’inzira
nyabagerwa kinyurwamo
n ’ibinyabiziga ikaba
yagira imihanda myinshi.
3) Inzira
y ’ibinyabiziga.
Ni umuhanda n’inzira
ziwukikije.
4) Igisate
cy ’umuhanda.
Kimwe mu bisate
bigabanyije umuhanda
mu burebure bwawo.
5) Agahanda
k ’amagare.
Igice cy’inzira nyabagerwa
cyahariwe amagare na
velomoteri kigaragazwa
n ’ikimenyetso
cyabigenewe.
6) Isangano.
Ahantu hose imihanda
ihurira
7) Inkomane.
Aho umuhanda wisukira
mu wundi.
8) Akayira.
Inzira ifunganye
yagenewe
abanyamaguru,
ibinyabiziga by ’ibiziga
bibiri.
9) Inzira y’igitaka.
Inzira nyabagerwa
yagutse ariko
itanyurwamo n ’ibiziga
bibiri.
10) Urusisiro.
Ahantu hari amazu
yegeranye cg afatanye.
11) Umuyobozi.
Ni umuntu wese utwaye
ikinyabiziga cg uyobora
mu nzira nyabagerwa
inyamaswa cg amatungo.
12) Umukozi ubifitiye
ububasha.
Umukozi wambaye mu
buryo bugarara imyenda
iranga imirimo ashinzwe.
13) Ikinyabiziga.
Igikoresho cyose
gikoreshwa mu gutwara
ibintu n ’abantu ku butaka,
igihingishwa, gikoreshwa
mu nganda n ’ahandi.
14) Ikinyamitende.
Ikinyabiziga cyose
kigendeshwa n ’ingufu
z’abantu nk’igare,…
15) Igare.
Ikinyamitende cyose
cy ’ibiziga bibiri
16) Velomoteri.
Ikinyabiziga gifite ibiziga
bibiri kandi gifite moteri
itarengeje imbaraga za
KvA 4 n ’umuvuduko
ntarengwa ukaba 60km/h
17) Ipikipiki.
Ikinyabiziga cyose
cy ’ibiziga bibiri gifite
moteri ukuyemo za
velomoteri.
18) Ikinyamitende itatu
cg ine.
Ibinyabiziga bifite moteri
itarengeje KvA15
19) Ikinyabiziga
kigendeshwa na moteri.
Ikinyabiziga cyose gifite
moteri kandi
kigendeshwa gusa
n ’ibikigize.
20) Imodoka.
Ikinyabiziga cyose
kigendeshwa na moteri
uretse za velomoteri,
amapikipiki, imashini
zihinga cg zikurura izindi.
21) Romoroki.
Ikinyabiziga cyose
cyagenewe gukururwa.
22) Makuzungu.
R/ Ni romoroki iyo ariyo
yose ifatishwa ku
kinyabiziga gikurura.
23) Romoroki ntoya.
R/ Romoroki ifite ibiro
bitarenga 750
24) Ibinyabiziga
bikomatanye cg
ibinyabiziga bikururana.
R/ Ibinyabiziga
bikomatanye bigenda
nkaho ari kimwe.
25) Ikinyabiziga gifanije.
R/ Ni ikinyabiziga
gikomatanye kimwe ari
ikinyabiziga ikindi ari
makuzungu
26) Ikinyabiziga
gikururana kabiri.
R/ Ikinyabiziga gifatanije
n ’ikindi ari makuzungu.
27) Uburemere bwite
R/ Uburemere
bw ’ikidapakiye.
28) Uburemere
bwikorewe
R/ Uburemere bwite
hongewemo uburemere
bw ’imizigo.
29) Uburemere ntaregwa
bwemewe
R/Uburemere
bugendanwa.
30) Guhagarara
umwanya munini
R/ Igihe kiruta igihe
ikinyabiziga giharara
hinjiramo abantu cg
ibintu.
31) Guhagarara
umwanya muto.
R/Igihe ikinyabiziga
giharara kugira ngo
abantu bajyemo cg ibintu
bijyemo.
32) Akagarura rumuri.
Ing.2(30)
R/ Akantu karabagirana
gasubiza urumuri ku
kirwohereje.
33) Ikinyabiziga
ndakumirwa
R/ Ibinyabiziga
by ’abapolisi, Ibizimya
inkongi, Ibitwara
abarwayi, aho bijya bigiye
gutabara birangwa
n ’intabaza irabagira cg
irangurura amajwi.
34) Amatara y’urugendo.
Ing.2(32)
R/Amatara y’ikinyabiziga
amurika imbere mu
muhanda mu ntera
ndende
35) Amatara yo
kubisikana .Ing.2(33)
R/ Amatara y’ikinyabiziga
amurika inzira
nyabagerwa atagobye
guhuma ibinyabiziga
bituruka imbere.
36) Amatara
ndangambere. Ing2(34)
R/ Amatara y’ikinyabiziga
akiranga kandi agaragaza
ubugari bwacyo
burebewe imbere.
37) Amatara
ndanganyuma. Ing.2(35)
R/ Amatara y’ikinyabiziga
akiranga kandi agaragaza
ubugari bwacyo
burebewe inyuma.
38) Amatara kamena-
bihu y ’imbere.Ing.2(36)
R/ Amatara y’ikinyabiziga
abonesha neza imbere
yacyo mu gihe cy ’igihu,
cy’imvura nyinshi,
cy’urubura cg
cy’umukungugu.
39) Amatara kamena-
bihu y ’inyuma.Ing.2(37)
R/ Amatara y’ikinyabiziga
akiranga kandi yerekana
ubugari bwacyo
uburebeye inyuma, mu
gihe cy ’ibihu, cy’urubura
cg mu bihe
by ’umukungugu.
40) Amatara yo
kubisikana..Ing.2(33)
R/ Amatara magufi.
41) Amatara yo gusubira
inyuma.Ing.2(38)
R/ Amatara abonesha
inzira inyuma
y ’ikinyabiziga, akereka
n’abandi ko icyo
kinyabiziga kiri gusubira
inyuma.
42) Itara
ndangacyerekezo.
Ing.2(39)
R/ Cg ikinnyoteri, Itara
ry ’ikinyabiziga ryereka
abandi bagenzi ko
ikinyabiziga gishaka
gukata.
43) Itara rishakisha.
Ing.2(40)
R/ Itara rihindukizwa
rishobora kureba ikintu
kiri no mu mpande zacyo.
44) Itara
ndangamubyimba.
Ing.2(41)
R/ Itara
ndangaburumbarare, itara
ry ’ikinyabiziga ryerekana
ubugari bw’ikinyabiziga
haba inyuma cg imbere.
45) Ubuso bubonesha.
Ing.2(42)
R/ Ubuso busohokana
urumuri, cg ubuso
burabagiranamo urumuri
ku tugarurarumuri.
46) Itara ry’umuhondo.
Ing.2(43)
R/ Umuhondo wiganje, cg
usa n ’icunga rihishije cg
umuhondo wiganje.
47) Ukuboko kuzamuye
k ’umukozi ubifitiye
ububasha kuvuga iki ?
R/ Kuvuga ko umugenzi
wese agomba guhagarara
keretse uwageze mu
masangano ugomba
guhita ahava.
48) Ukuboko cg
amaboko atambitse
ategeka iki ?Ing.5(2b)
R/ Hategekwa guhagarara
abaturuka mu cyerekezo
gisanganya amaboko
arambuye.
49) Kuzunguza
intambike itara ritukura
bivuga iki ?
R/ Hahagarara abo iryo
tara rireba.
B.
50) Vuga batanu mu
bakozi babifitiye
ububasha.Ing.3
R/ Ba ofosiye na ba
suzofiye bo muri polisi
y ’igihugu bari mu kazi.
Ba kaporali na abapolisi
bo muri Polisi y ’igihugu
igihe bari mu kazi.
Abapolisi bo mu mutwe
ushinzwe umutekano mu
muhanda.
Abakozi bo mu biro
by ’amateme.
Abakozi ba gasutamo.
Abakozi bo mu biro
by ’imisoro.
Abakozi b’ikigo
cy’ubucyerarugendo.
Abakozi bo mu biro bya
Ministeri ishinzwe
gutwara ibintu n ’ibintu
babiherewe
uburenganzira na Ministiri
w ’ubutabera.
51) Vuga ibintu bitanu
umugenzi wese uguweho
n ’impanuka asabwa ?
Ing.4
R/ Guhita ahagarara niba
bishoboka.
Gukora uko ashoboye
kugirango
badahungabanya uburyo
bwo kugendera mu
muhanda.
Kwirinda guhindura
ibimenyetso,
Kumenyesha no
gutumaho abubahiriza
amahoro bari hafi aho.
52) Ni ryari umuyobozi
wese ategetswe
kugaragaza umwirondoro
we ? Ing.4(4)
R/ Iyo abandi bantu
bahuye n ’impanuka
babimusabye.
53) Ni ryari umuyobozi
agomba guhita akuraho
ikinyabiziga cye gihagaze
umwanya munini cg
muto ?
R/Ni igihe abisabwe
n ’umukozi ubifitiye
ububasha.
54) Ni ryari umugenzi
wese agomba kubahiriza
ibimenyetso
byashyiriweho
gutunganya uburyo bwo
kugenda mu muhanda ?
Ing.5(5)
R/ Igihe bitunganijwe
neza kandi bigaragara
bihagije.
55) Ibitegekwa
birusha ibindi gukomera
ni ibihe ?Ing.5(6)
R/ Ni ibitegekwa
n ’abakozi babifitiye
ubushobozi.
56) Vuga ikintu
utagomba kwibagirwa
igihe ugiye gutwara
ikinyabiziga kigendeshwa
na moteri?Ing.6(1)
R/ Ni uruhushya rwo
gutwara icyo kinyabiziga.
56) Sobanura kandi uvuge
abagomba impushya
zikurikira :Ing.6(2)
a) Urwego A :
Amapikipiki
n ’ibinyamitende itatu
biriho cg bidafite intebe
ku ruhande. Imyaka 18
b) Urwego B :
Imodoka zagenewe
gutwara abantu kandi
zifite imyanya 8
ntarengwa habariwemo
n ’uw’umuyobozi. Imyaka
18
Imodoka zagenewe
gutwara ibintu zifite
uburemere ntarengwa
bwa toni 5
Ibinyamitende ine bifite
moteri.Imyaka 18
c) Urwego C: Imodoka
zagenewe gutwara ibintu
bifite uburemere
bwemewe burenga toni
5.Imyaka 20
d) Urwego D: Imodoka
zagenewe gutwara
abantu kandi zifite
imyanya irenga 8
hatabariwemo umwanya
w ’umuyobozi. Imyaka 20
e) Urwego E.
Ibinyabiziga bikomatanye
bifite ikinyabiziga
gikurura kiri mu rwego
rwa B,

UTURINGUSHYO

Byose bigira akamaro
Ntibisanganwa bya
Ntabihoraho bya Birashira
bya Birashakwa yabwiye
umwana we Bizaza, ati
Bura bwanjye, ujye
uzirikana ko byose bigira
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ubana neza n'abandi.